5/10/2023 0 Comments Farsky bata sizeThe oral jaws are generally highly movable and protru-sible, and tooth shape varies greatly, although most Neotropical cichlids have simple, subconical, unicuspid teeth, whereas African cichlids commonly have laterally bicuspid or tricuspid oral teeth. There is considerable variation in the shape of the toothplates and associated dentition, reflecting diet specializations. The unpaired lower pharyngeal toothplate and the opposed upper pharyngeal tooth plates are contained in a muscular sling characterizing labroid fishes. Cichlid diversity has been explained both by their advanced brood care and by the versatile design of the pharyngeal jaw complex used for food mastication. The presence of short paired hypapophyses on the third and/or fourth vertebral centra (Kullander, 1998). The sagitta features an anterocaudal pseudocolliculum having a long and thick ventral part which is separated from the crista inferior by a long, deep and sharp furrow (Gaemers, 1985) 9. The stomach has a left hand exit to the anterior intestine and the first intestinal loop is on the left side (Zihler, 1982) 8. The stomach has an extendible blind pouch (Zihler, 1982) 7. The transversus dorsalis anterior muscle is subdivided into four distinct parts (Liem & Greenwood, 1981) 6. ![]() The presence of characteristically shaped and distributed micro-branchiospines on the gill arches (Stiassny, 1981) 5. The presence of an expanded head of each fourth epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981) 4. The presence of an extensive cartilaginous cap on the anterior margin of each second epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981) 3. The loss of a major structural association between parts A2 and Aw of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the muscu-lous insertion of a large ventral section of A2 onto the posterior border of the ascending process of the anguloarticular (Stiassny, 1981) 2. Cichlids are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical synapomorphies. Crenicichla species are known as jacundá in Brazil, añashúa in Peru, angoumot (French Guiana), mataguaro (Colombia, Venezuela), datra fisi (Surinam), cabeza amarga (Argentina and Uruguay). Cichla species are known locally as pavón (Venezuela, Colombia) or tucunaré (Brazil, Peru), the latter name expressed as lukanani (Guyana), toekoenali (Surinam), toukounaré (French Guiana) or similar names in the Guianas. Higher level names include bujurqui (Peru, most cichlids), acará (Brazil, most cichlids), mochoroca (Venezuela), mojarra (Ecuador, Colombia, throughout Central America), krobia (Surinam), prapra (French Guiana). ![]() Cichlids are known by family or genus-level local names, commonly with an adjective to distinguish well-marked species. The geographical distribution includes freshwaters of Africa (900 valid species, estimated more than 1300 species), the Jordan Valley in the Middle East (four species), Iran (one species), southern India and Sri Lanka (three species, also in brackish water), Madagascar (17 valid species, some also in brackish water), Cuba and Hispaniola (four valid species, some in brackish water), North America and isthmian Central America (111 valid species), and South America (291 valid species) (Kullander, 1998, updated). The cichlids are the most species-rich non-Ostariophysan fish family in freshwaters worldwide, and one of the major vertebrate families, with at least 1300 species and with estimates approaching 1900 species (Kullander, 1998).
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